NYC False Business Records Lawyer

False Business Records Lawyer in New York City

Corporate officers, executives, and employees of companies increasingly are coming under investigation for financial wrongdoing and breaches of duty.  So too those who work for the state, city, or any governmental agency are closely scrutinized and sometimes find themselves in trouble with investigators for actions taken during the course of their employment. If you’re facing charges for falsifying business records in New York, your first move should be to immediately contact an NYC false business records lawyer to represent your case.

When it comes to the prosecution of individuals accused of creating or offering false entries, records, reports, or documents in connection with private businesses or municipal or state governments, most often the crimes charged will include falsifying business records or offering a false instrument for filing.   The difference between these two classes of crime is dependent upon the entity to which the falsified items pertain: if a commercial enterprise is involved, the crime of falsifying business records in New York may be charged; if a state or city agency is involved, the crime of offering a false instrument may be charged.   

Whether the accusation concerns wrongdoing in the private or public sectors, however, anyone charged with these offenses will be facing aggressive and seasoned investigators intent on convicting the accused.  To give yourself the very best chance at defeating such charges,  you should hire an NYC falsifying business records lawyer such as Frederick Sosinsky.  Fred has been representing clients accused of these white collar offenses for more than 30 years and as scores of these clients can attest, he has been most successful in having such white collar crime charges dismissed whether at trial or through skillful motion practice.   Fred well knows that the most important case is your case and that your continued freedom regardless of any mistakes you may or may not have made is paramount.  

NYC false business records lawyer

Definition for Falsifying Business Records under New York Laws

According to Penal Law § 175.05 in New York, there are specific conditions that must be met in order for a person to be charged with the crime of falsifying business records. To secure a conviction, the prosecution must establish the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt. Falsifying business records in the second degree is committed when an individual, with the intent to defraud, engages in the following actions:

  • Makes or causes a false entry in the business records of an enterprise; or
  • Alters, erases, deletes, obliterates, destroys, or removes a true entry in the business records of an enterprise; or
  • Omits to make a true entry in the business records of an enterprise in violation of a duty to do so which he or she knows to be imposed upon them by law or nature of the position; or
  • Prevents the making of a true entry or causes the omission thereof in the business records of an enterprise.

Enhanced charges can be imposed for the act of falsifying business records, depending on the circumstances. Falsification of records in the first degree encompasses various actions that render a person guilty, such as:

  • Committed the crime of falsifying business records in the second degree; and
  • When his or her intent to defraud includes an intent to commit another crime; or
  • The purpose is to aid or conceal the commission of a crime.

According to New York Penal Law § 175.00, an “enterprise” refers to any entity, regardless of whether it is corporate, public, or private, that involves one or more individuals. These entities can engage in various activities such as business, commercial, professional, industrial, eleemosynary, social, political, or governmental endeavors.

Additionally, under penal law, a “business record” is defined as any written document or article that an enterprise keeps or maintains to demonstrate or reflect its condition or activities. This category may include computer data or programs.

Falsifying Business Records in the Second Degree

Falsifying Business Records in the Second Degree is a Class A misdemeanor punishable by one year in jail.  A person may be charged with Falsifying Business Records in the Second Degree in New York when, with intent to defraud,  he or she makes or causes a false entry in the business records of an enterprise; or alters, erases, obliterates, deletes, removes or destroys a true entry in the business records of an enterprise; or omits to make a true entry in the business records of an enterprise in violation of a duty to do so which he or she knows to be imposed upon him or her by law or by the nature of his or her position, or prevents the making of a true entry or causes the omission thereof in the business records of an enterprise.

Falsifying Business Records in the First Degree

Falsifying Business Records in the First Degree is a Class E felony punishable by up to four years in state prison.  A person may be charged with Falsifying Business Records in the First Degree in New York when he or she commits the crime of falsifying business records in the second degree and when his or her intent includes an intent to commit another crime or to aid or conceal the commission thereof.

History and human nature teach us that often when a person attempts to improperly alter or change an enterprises’ records, it is to cover up some other form of misconduct — frequently a theft — that might otherwise be more easily uncovered.  Where there is another crime involved, a charge of falsifying business records will be accompanied by that other crime as well.

The law contains a statutory defense when the accused is a “clerk, bookkeeper or another employee who, without personal benefit, merely executed the orders of [their] employer or of a superior officer or employee generally authorized to direct [their] activities.”  Quite obviously, in cases where the accused otherwise fits the bill, the issue comes down to whether there is some intangible sort of personal benefit to him or her as a result of following the direction of a superior. 

It is significant to note that a person may violate this provision of the Penal Law even if he or she is employed by a governmental or quasi-governmental agency.  After all, such entities maintain records in the regular course of their business even though they are not commercial enterprises. Such charges can be tough to navigate without an experienced NYC false business records lawyer who has represented many countless similar cases in the New York courts.

Offering a False Instrument for Filing in the Second Degree

Offering a False Instrument for Filing in the Second Degree is a Class A misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in jail.  A person may be charged with Offering a False Instrument for Filing in the Second Degree in New York when,  knowing that a written instrument contains a false statement or false information, he or she offers or presents it to a public office or public servant with the knowledge or belief that it will be filed with, registered or recorded in or otherwise become a part of the records of such public office or public servant.

New York law has a very broad definition of a written instrument which includes any document or computer data used for the purpose of recording information or evidencing any value, right, privilege, or identification capable of being used to the advantage or disadvantage of a person. 

Offering a False Instrument for Filing in the First Degree

Offering a False Instrument for Filing in the First Degree is a Class E felony punishable by up to four years in state prison.  A person may be charged with Offering a False Instrument for Filing in the First Degree in New York when, knowing that a written instrument contains a false statement or false information, and with intent to defraud the state or any political subdivision, public authority, or public benefit corporation of the state, he or she offers or presents it to a public office, public servant, public authority or public benefit corporation with the knowledge or belief that it will be filed with, registered or recorded in or otherwise become a part of the records of such public office, public servant, public authority or public benefit corporation; or he or she commits the crime of offering a false instrument for filing in the second degree; and the instrument is a financing statement unrelated to an actual transaction, the property is owned by a public officer and the lien was filed in retaliation for the performance of official duties. 

As can be seen, it is the specific intent to defraud the state or city through the submission of false information that elevates this crime from misdemeanor to felony.  But because the motivation to file such false information will almost always be to defraud the municipality into accepting the submission as genuine and accurate, there are far more felony cases of offering false instruments than the lesser crime.

NYC falsifying business records lawyer

There are Defenses to Falsifying Business Records and False Filing Charges

There are an array of potential defenses to these white collar offenses that a federal criminal defense attorney that specializes in falsifying business records can assist with. As stated previously, these charges are especially serious in New York and it’s recommended that you seek professional representation from an NYC false business records lawyer right away

First, there may be a lack of knowledge or awareness that an entry or document contained false information.  Oftentimes, those who work at business entities depend upon the accuracy of data provided to them by other employees when making reports including such data.  In other instances, the accused may have failed to detect the erroneous information due to neglect or lack of care but not an intent to deceive. 

Second, although the accused may have knowingly made false entries, they may have done so after being pressured by another employee to do so and with nothing to gain for themselves.  

Third, so long as it can be shown that the accused was not the one to have provided the false information to the state, it may be very difficult to prove that they harbored an intent to defraud rather than were operating as a result of an error or mistake. 

Penalties for Falsifying Business Records in New York

In New York, the penalties for falsifying business records are determined by different degrees. If someone falsifies business records to conceal a crime, the penalties become more severe. A conviction for falsifying business records in the second-degree results in a class A misdemeanor charge. Class A misdemeanors carry maximum legal consequences, which include:

  • A possible fine of up to $1,000; and
  • Possible jail time for up to one year.

If the accused individual is found guilty of committing first-degree falsification of business records, the penalties are heightened. A charge of first-degree falsification of business records can lead to a class E Felony.

The maximum penalties for a class E felony include:

  • Possible fine determined by the court; and
  • Possible prison term of up to four years.

It is important to note that there exists a valid defense for individuals who are charged with falsifying business records. Specifically, individuals acting as clerks, bookkeepers, or other employees who are solely carrying out orders may be exempt from criminal liability. However, it is crucial that these orders do not serve their personal interests and are provided by their employer, superior officer, or someone who oversees their activities.

Statutes of Limitations for Falsifying Business Records & Embezzlement in New York

The term “statute of limitations” is essentially legal terminology referring to a deadline. It represents the timeframe within which prosecutors are required to formally file charges for a criminal offense. In New York, the duration of these limitations varies based on the severity of the offense.

For the crime of falsifying business records in the second degree, a conviction leads to a Class A misdemeanor. Misdemeanors, regardless of the offense, are subject to a statute of limitations of two years in New York. Conversely, falsifying business records in the first degree is considered a Class E felony, which carries a statute of limitations of five years.

Contact An Expert NYC False Business Records Lawyer Today

Whatever the circumstances, NYC Falsifying business records lawyer Fred Sosinsky will use his three decades of experience and savvy negotiating skills to provide you with the best defense to such charges.  Call Fred now for a free consultation and case evaluation.

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Case Results
A successful contractor was arrested and charged with felony possession of a loaded firearm and Class C felony possession of marijuana based upon the seizure of these items in a search pursuant to warrant. As has been well advertised, in almost all gun cases in NYC, prosecutors will insist on state prison sentences even for those willing to plead guilty. After presentation of mitigating evidence however, Mr. Sosinsky was able to negotiate a sentence of nine months in jail for his client, meaning his client was out in six months.
A young man who had been a heralded star high school hoopster in Brooklyn was indicted as part of a large multidefendant fraudulent check cashing conspiracy. The client unfortunately had previously been involved in a similar prosecution and worse yet had been arrested during the pendency of the federal case for yet again committing a similar offense. Notwithstanding these hurdles, Mr. Sosinsky was able to convince the federal judge to spare his client a prison sentence and allow him to earn his freedom while on probation.
Mr. Sosinsky represented a prominent attorney accused of assaulting and endangering the welfare of his 13 year son. It turned out that the child was being used as a pawn by the client’s ex-wife and that the incident at the heart of the case involved proper disciplining of a difficult and, at times, violent child. Eventually, the charges against the lawyer were dismissed.
Mr. Sosinsky obtained a verdict of not-guilty of murder in the execution style shooting of a young man involved in gang activities in Harlem, New York City. By demonstrating important differences in the description of the shooter from witnesses called by the prosecution, Mr. Sosinsky was able to raise valid doubts about the correctness of the identifications made at trial.
A few years back, Mr. Sosinsky represented a Manhattan man who was arrested after stabbing his wife in the neck numerous times with a knife in their Upper West Side apartment. The client was indicted for attempted murder. However, after having the client examined by a forensic psychiatrist, it became evident that a compelling insanity defense was in order. Eventually, the prosecutors involved were unable to adequately prepare to counter this defense and the case was dismissed.

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